kleid für standesamt: Parts of the Periodic Table

The periodic table is a graphic display of the basic characteristics of the elements. The table allows scientists to grasp easily the relationships and similarities among the elements, which are the building blocks of all existing matter.

The periodic table contains 117 elements, with 94 of these naturally occurring on the Earth and the rest only existing in synthetic form. Each element is contained in a small block. Information in the block includes the name of the element and its chemical symbol, atomic number and atomic mass.

As the table progresses from left to right, and top to bottom, the atomic number of the elements increases. The atomic number is the count of the protons contained in the atomic nucleus. The table also shows atomic mass, the total mass of the neutrons, protons and electrons that make up the atom. For elements with no stable isotope, the table gives in parenthesis the atomic mass of the isotope with the longest half-life; in other words, the most stable form of the element.

The seven rows in the table represent periods. Each element in a single row has the same number of electron shells, which surround the atomic nucleus. The elements hydrogen and helium have a single orbital shell; elements in the second row have two orbitals, and so on. In the seventh period, elements have a seventh orbital shell, which is the highest energy level occupied by naturally occurring electrons.

The table's 18 columns, read vertically from top to bottom, represent groups. All elements in a group have the same number of electrons orbiting the nucleus in the outermost shell. The exceptions to this rule include hydrogen, helium and the "transitional elements," which occupy groups three through 12. Elements in a group share important chemical characteristics. Group 18, for example, includes the "inert" or "noble" gases. Group 17 includes the five halogens.

Some periodic tables display a color code that shows the state of the element--solid, liquid, gas, or unknown--at zero degrees Centigrade. Borders may show whether the element is naturally occurring (solid border), occurring only as a result of radioactive decay (dashed border) or artificial (dotted border). A single thick line sometimes appears in the periodic table dividing the elements into metallic (to the left) and non-metallic (to the right).

At the bottom of the periodic table are two additional rows of 14 elements each. The top row shows the lanthinides, elements 58 through 71. The bottom row is the actinides, elements 90 through 103. The first elements in these two series are contained in the main body of the periodic table: lanthanum (57) and actinium (89). These are the 30 rare earth metals, most of which are synthetic.

There are nine basic groups of elements shown in the periodic table. They are the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, other metals, metalloids, non-metals, halogens, noble gases and rare earth elements.

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B. Indicates the average atomic mass of lithium - taking into consideration the naturally occuring isotopes
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This section addresses, in whole or in part, the following Benchmarks for Scientific Literacy: All matter is made up of atoms, which are far too small to see directly ...
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The periodic table is a graphic display of the basic characteristics of the elements. The table allows scientists to grasp easily the relationships and similarities ...
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It emerges that in certain parts of the modern periodic table the triad relationship turns out to be exact if atomic numbers are used instead of atomic weights.
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There are more than 100 elements and they are arranged in the periodic table. Have a look at this part of the periodic table and think about how elements are arranged.
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