kleid für standesamt: The Purpose of the Periodic Table

The Periodic Table classifies elements based on common characteristics and behaviors. They are arranged in groups and periods, which is defined by an element's electron configuration and energy level in the unexcited state.

The study of elements can trace its roots to Aristotle and Anaximander, but Dimitri Mendeleev was the chemist formalizing the Periodic Table in 1869. While writing his chemistry textbook, Mendeleev arranged his note cards by atomic weight and grouped them together based on shared common properties. The resulting layout was able to predict the existence of elements that had yet to be discovered.

Elements are arranged by rows (periods) and in columns (groups). Periods define the highest unexcited energy state by which an electron can exist. Groups of elements tend to share similar electron arrangements. The number of electrons in an element increases as one traverses down the Periodic Table.

Each element in the Periodic Table is denoted by four identifying characteristics: the name of the element, a one or two-letter symbol, the atomic number (above the symbol) and the average mass (below the symbol).

The atomic size of an element generally increases from left to right across a period and down a group. The ability to form chemical bonds and ionization energy, which is the energy that must be used to remove the outermost electrons from an atom's shell to return it to a neutral state, also increases from left to right and decreases going down the Periodic Table.

Elements are divided into nine families: highly reactive alkali metals (group IA), alkaline earth metals (group IIA), the malleable and electricity-conducting transition metals (groups 3 to 12), other metals (groups 13-15), metalloids, nonmetals (groups 14-16), halogens (group 17), noble gases (group 18), and rare earth metals (group 3 and periods 6-7).

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