The table of contents is found near the front of a book, journal, long brochure or other publication. It lists the sections in which the publication is divided, such as the chapters, articles, "parts" or major divisions or poems. Each listed section, in most cases, is paired with the page number on which it starts, or, in online versions of publications, with a hyperlink to that section. A table of contents assists the reader--and sometimes the author or editor--in finding specific sections. It also clarifies the material's overall organization.
Origins
Citing the precedent of Valerius Soranus's "On Mysteries," the Roman Pliny the Elder included a table of contents in his "Natural History" in the late 1st century. Pliny explained the purpose of his table of contents as being to assist the reader in finding any section easily, without having to read through the entire work. This remains the purpose of the table of contents to this day.
Developments
While modern-day novels without distinctly titled chapters often lack the table of contents entirely, earlier works of fiction often had elaborate listings, even referring to key plot developments of each chapter. For example, the table of contents in Cervantess "Don Quixote" includes this roundup of the action: "About the amazing things that the magnificent Don Quixote said he'd seen in the deep Cave of Montesinos, the magnitude and impossibility of which cause this adventure to be considered apocryphal."
Appearance
Although referred to as a "table of contents," the table's title in most publications reads simply "Contents." There is no universal standard for the format of a table of contents or what information it should convey, aside from accuracy and listing only the material that follows it. It usually appears in the frontmatter of a book, somewhere before the introduction and after the publishing information; the exact placement, however, varies. Some scholarly journals have placed the table of contents on the inside or outside of the front cover, or even on the back cover. European books may place the table of contents at the end.
Implications
A table of contents may shed light on the books material beyond simply pointing to page numbers. For example, by composing a retrospective table of contents for Laurence Sterne's "Tristram Shandy," humanities scholar Charles Parish not only facilitated his own studies of the book but also demonstrated key points about the novel's consistency.
Creative Uses
Because the table of contents can vary by publication, authors and editors may choose to present them in creative ways. In "Foucault's Pendulum," Umberto Eco lists the contents according to the opening esoteric and historical quotes that begin each chapter; the table of contents also underscores the kabbalistic organization of the novel. The table of contents for Italo Calvinos "If on a winter's night a traveler," when read straight through, forms a complete poem that complements the rest of the book.
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